Which of the following is classified as a special area under MARPOL regulations?

The classification of Antarctica as a special area under MARPOL regulations is based on the unique environmental significance and the need for stringent protections in that region. Special areas are designated under MARPOL to provide enhanced protections for vulnerable marine environments that could be adversely affected by maritime activities.

In the case of Antarctica, the area is known for its pristine ecosystem, rich biodiversity, and reliance on ice and cold water environments. The regulations reflect a commitment to preventing pollution in these sensitive areas, particularly from ships, as even slight pollution could have disproportionate effects on the ecology of the area. The stringent standards aimed at controlling vessel discharges and protecting wildlife and ocean health align with the overarching goals of MARPOL to safeguard the marine environment.

Other regions, such as the Mediterranean Sea and the North Sea, have their own respective environmental concerns and regulations, but they do not hold the same status under MARPOL as special areas, which reflects their broader range of maritime activities and pollution sources. The Caribbean Sea, while it has significant environmental values, is also not classified as a special area under MARPOL. Thus, the decision to designate Antarctica as a special area reflects both its status as a unique and vulnerable ecosystem and the need for international cooperation in its protection.